Giftgiving
Another important aspect about burial in the Aegean during the Dark Ages, and the reason why so many artifacts are discovered in tombs, is the practice of giftgiving at burials. Ian Morris discusses giftgiving in the Aegean during the Bronze Age in his article entitled, “Gift and Commodity in Archaic Greece.”(Morris) The Greek people experienced many different levels of exchange, and perhaps after the steady use of coined money, the giftgiving tradition continued on in the area of funerals.

Morris points out an important aspect, and one that lends itself to the reason for finding so many artifacts in tombs. He says, “the main problem for the archaeologist is of course the invisibility of most of the social contexts of gift exchange. Gift giving at weddings, initiation ceremonies of various kinds and the establishment of guest-friendship cannot be expected to produce a recognizable material residue,” as would funerals. (Morris) However, Morris does say that giftgiving was used primarily to ensure that ties of friendship and business were created. Therefore, it is interesting to note that in the case of burial, such large-scale giving is present. Perhaps, the tradition of giving carried over into such an aspect of life, even when no tie with the person receiving is possible. Another possibility, which also makes sense, is that a tie may be sought with persons surviving the dead.

The types of remnants uncovered in the tombs at Lefkandi vary. A large portion of the gifts include ceramic bowls and pitchers – all being placed with a specific Helladic period. Also, remnants uncovered include objects made of bronze and iron as well as some gold coins. By far however, the most numerous artifacts recovered from tombs at Lefkandi were ceramic.

The artifacts recovered from the Toumba Cemetery helps archaeologists date the tombs and relative age of the cemetary
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The types of gifts offered is also an interesting aspect of giftgiving. Morris presents the idea that “deliberate disposal of wealth can act as an important method of preserving the exclusivity of top rank gifts.” Therefore, the more rare and expensive a gift was, the more exclusive and influential that it was. Oliver Dickinson agrees with this statement, suggesting that the tpes and amounts of goods buried probably correspond to status.(Dickinson) This is one reason why archaeologists uncovering the Toumba cemetary specifically believe the burials within the ‘heroon’ represent some significance.

Another interesting aspect, in light of this information, is that many of the tombs uncovered at Lefkandi individually contain a conformity of material. This conformity can come in the way of similar styled ceramics, or a majority of jewlery or weapons present at the tomb.

For Distinctions between Tomb Contents - click here
Artifacts Uncovered
Many of the artifacts discovered at Lefkandi are very interesting. By far, the most numerous artifacts were those of ceramic composition. However, there were many artifacts made of gold, bronze and iron. Although I am not going to go into the significance of these artifacts, they are interesting and are therefore worth showing.
This artifact is a Bronze cauldron uncovered at the Toumba cemetary.
Bronze Rings
This is a very interesting artifact, especially since lions are not a native animal of Euboa. This means that contact with other locales, most likely through trade occurred in order to find this artifact at Lefkandi.

 

Because, as mentioned earlier, the majority of artifacts found are ceramics, it is important to take a closer look at those finds. ...

Ceramics