1. [3 points] Why are nematodes poor swimmers?

2. [4 points] What is an epitokous individual?

3. [4 points] What is tagmosis? Where did we encounter it?

4. [6 points] Describe in brief how insect indirect flight muscles work.

5. [3 points] What is the function of the pharyngeal pump in nematodes?

6. [5 points] How do holothurians respire?

7. [5 points] Where would you find the coelom in a mollusc?

8. [5 points] Why are decapod crustaceans called "decapod"?

9. [5 points] Contrast the Malpighian tubules of insects with the more "typical" nephridia of crustaceans.

10. [5 points] List the categories recognized by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

11.[5 points] Why are there no freshwater echinoderms?

12.[20 points] Fill in the following table:

COMMON NAME	PHYLUM	CLASS
pinworm
spider
clam
crab
butterfly
sea urchin
snail
By-the-wind sailor
liver fluke
medicinal leech

13. [10 points] Give an example of an organism (common name is okay) in which each of the following structures might be found:

a. Renette cell

b. clitellum

c. chloragogue cell

d. hemal system

e. Aristotle's Lantern

f. book gill

g. Cuvierian tubules

h. crystalline style

i. osphradium

j. pedicellaria

14.[5 points] What function(s) does the water vascular system serve in echinoderms?

15. [4 points] Associate each of the following with either deuterostomes [D] or protostomes [P]:

enterocoelous development of coelom:
spiral cleavage:
determinate cell development
anus arises from blastopore

16. [4 points] Briefly explain why a compound eye is called "compound".

17. [4 points] Compare holometabolous and hemimetabolous development in insects.

18. [3 points] What does a madreporite do?